References and Bibliography

World Wide Web

• http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/lyme/index.htm
  Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Reviews

• Habicht GS, Beck G, Benach JL. Lyme disease. Sci Am 1987;257:78-83.
• Lyme disease - United States, 1996. MMWR 1997;46:531-5.
• Steere AC. Lyme disease. N Engl J Med 1989; 321:586-96.

Agent and Vector

• Damrow T, Freedman H, Lane R, Preston K. Is Ixodes (Ixodiopsis) angustus a vector of Lyme disease in Washington? West J Med 1989;150:580-2.
• Piesman J, Mather TN, Sinsky RJ, Speilman A. Duration of tick attachment and Borrelia burgdorferi transmission. J Clin Microbiol 1987;557-8.
• Steere AC. Grodzicki RL, Kornblatt AN, et al. The spirochete etiology of Lyme disease. N Engl J Med 1983;308:733-40.
• Steere AC, Malawista SE. Cases of Lyme disease in the United States; locations correlated with distribution of Ixodes dammini. Ann Intern Med 1979;91:730-3.
• Steere AC. Grodzicki RL, Kornblatt AN, et al. The spirochete etiology of Lyme disease. N Engl J Med 1983;308:733-40.

Clinical

• Duray PH, Steere AC. Clinical pathologic correlations of Lyme disease by stage. Ann NY Acad Sci 1988;539:65-79.
• Halperin JJ, Little BW, Coyle PK, Dattwyler RJ. Lyme disease: cause of a treatable peripheral neuropathy. Neurology 1987;37:1700-6.
• Logigian EL, Kaplan RF, Steere AC. Chronic neurologic manifestations of Lyme disease. N Eng J Med 1990;323:438-44.
• McAlister HF, Klementowicz PT, Andrews C. Fisher JD, Feld M, Furman S. Lyme carditis: an important cause of reversible heart block. Ann Intern Med 1989;110:339-45.
• Pachner AR, Duray P, Steere AC. Central nervous system manifestations of Lyme disease. Arch Neurol 1989;46:790-5.
• Stanek G, Klein J, Bittner R, Glogar D. Isolation of Borrelia burgdorferi from the myocardium of a patient with longstanding cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med 1990;322;249-52.
• Steere AC, Bartenhagen NH, Craft JE, et al. The early clinical manifestations of Lyme disease. Ann Intern Med 1983;99:76-82.
• Steere AC, Batsford WP, Weinberg M, et at. Lyme carditis: cardiac abnormalities of Lyme disease. Ann Intern Med 1980;93:8-16.
• Steere AC, Dwyer E, Winchester R. Association of chronic Lyme arthritis with HLA-DR4 and HLA-DR2 alleles. N Engl J Med 1990;323:219-23.
• Steere AC, Malawista SE, Snydman DR, et al. Lyme arthritis: an epidemic of oligoarticular arthritis in children and adults in three Connecticut communities. Arthritis Rheum 1977;20:7-17.
• Steere AC, Schoen RT, Taylor E. The clinical evolution of Lyme arthritis. Ann Intern Med 1987;725-31.

Diagnosis

• Berger BW, Kaplan MH, Rothenberg JR, Barbour AG. Isolation and characterization of the Lyme disease spirochete from the skin of patients with erythema chronicum migrans. J Am Acad Dermatol 1985;13:444-9.
• Craft JE, Grodzicki RL, Steere AC. The antibody response in Lyme disease: evaluation of diagnostic tests. J Infect Dis 1984;149:789-95.
• Dattwyler RJ, Volkman DJ, Luft BJ, et. al. Seronegative Lyme disease: dissociation of the specific T- and B-lymphocyte responses to Borrelia burgdorferi. N Eng J Med 1988;319:1441-6.
• Dressler F, Whelan JA, Reinhart BN, Steere AC. Western blotting in the serodiagnosis of Lyme disease. J Infect Dis 1993;167:392-400.
• Engstrom SM, Shoop E, Johnson RC. Immunoblot interpretation criteria for serodiagnosis of early Lyme disease. J Clin Micro 1995;33:419-22.
• Ettestad PJ, Campbell GL, Webel SF, et al. Biliary complications in the treatment of unsubstantiated Lyme disease. J Infect Dis 1995;171:356-61.
• Grodzicki RL, Steere AC. Comparison of immunoblotting and indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using different antigen preparations for diagnosing early Lyme disease. J Infect Dis 1988;157:700-7.
• Nadelman RB, Horowitz HW, Hsieh TC, et al. Simultaneous human granulocytic ehrlichiosis and Lyme borreliosis. N Eng J Med 1997;337:27-30.
• Rahn DW, Malawista SE. Lyme Disease: recommendations for diagnosis and treatment. Ann Intern Med 1991;114:472-81.
• Recommendations for test performance and interpretation from the second national conference on serologic diagnosis of Lyme disease. MMWR 1995;44:590-1.
• Schwartz BS, Goldstein MD, Riberio JM, et al. Antibody testing in Lyme disease: a comparison of results in four laboratories. JAMA 1989;262:3431-4.
• Sigel LH. Persisting complaints attributed to chronic Lyme disease: possible mechanisms and implications for management. Am J Med 1994;96:365-74.
• Zoschke DC, Skemp AA, Defosse DL. Lymphoproliferative responses to Borrelia burgdorferi in Lyme disease. Ann Intern Med 1991;114:285-9.

Treatment

• Dattwyler RJ, Halperin JJ, Volkman DJ, Luft BJ. Treatment of late Lyme borreliosis-randomized comparison of cefriaxone and penicillin. Lancet 1988;1:1119-24.
• Imported malaria associated with malariotherapy of Lyme disease - New Jersey. MMWR 1990;39:873-5.
• Liu NY, Dinerman H, Levin RE, et al. Randomized trial of doxycycline vs. amoxicillin/probenecid for the treatment of Lyme arthritis; treatment of non-responders with IV penicillin or cefriaxone. Arthritis Rheum 1989;32:546. abstract.
• Steere AC. Diagnosis and treatment of Lyme arthritis. Med Clin North Am 1997;81:179-94.
• Wormser GP. Treatment and prevention of Lyme disease, with emphasis on antimicrobial therapy for neuroborreliosis and vaccination. Semin Neurol 1997;17:45-52.

Prevention

• Magid D, Schwartz B, Craft J, Schwartz JS. Prevention of Lyme disease after tick bites. N Eng J Med 1992;327:534-41.
• Needham GR. Evaluation of five popular methods for tick removal. Pediatrics 1985;75:997-1002.
• Stafford KC. Lyme disease prevention: personal protection and prospects for tick control. Conn Med 1989;53:347-51.
• Wormser GP. Lyme disease vaccine. Infection 1996;24:203-7.

Acknowledgments: The Web version of this monograph would not have been possible without Mary Cain, under a fellowship from the Associated Schools of Public Health; John Kobayashi, for his enthusiasm for this project, Patrick O'Carroll for his support; Marcia Goldoft for revisions; and Phillip Dunham for HTML coding.

The original Lyme disease monograph was prepared by David H. Spach, MD; Robert E. Quick, MD, MPH; and Todd A. Damrow, PhD, MPH. This article was first published in 1990, and was revised in 1997.

For their assistance in reviewing the original monograph for content and style, thanks go to doctors Don Anderson, Roy Campbell, David Dennis, Joe Peisman, Matthew Cartter, Eric Mintz, Jim Krieger, Judy Bowen, John Kobayashi, Mike Silverstein, Roy Baron, Mark Oberle, and Frank James. For computer graphics on the tick life cycle, we thank Andy Blair and Pat Higgins. For photographs of local ticks, we are grateful to Dale Tilly. For layout and graphic design we are indebted to Heidi Keller, Don Martin and Randal Hunting. And finally, for word processing, we thank Louise Ware.